The federal minimum hourly wage is just $7.25 and has not increased in 14 years, the longest period of congressional inaction in the history of the minimum wage. As a result, the real, cost-of-living-adjusted value of the minimum wage has fallen by 30%.
The Raise the Wage Act of 2023, introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate on July 25, 2023, would raise the federal minimum wage to $17 an hour by 2028. The bill would also gradually raise and then eliminate subminimum wages for tipped workers, workers with disabilities, and youth workers, so that all workers covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) would be at the same wage level.
EPI’s analysis shows that a $17 minimum wage in 2028 would raise the wages of 27,858,000 workers across the country, or about 19% of the workforce. The increases would provide an additional $86 billion annually in wages for the country’s lowest-paid workers, with the average affected worker who works year-round receiving an extra $3,100 per year.
Table 1 shows the number and shares of workers in each congressional district who would receive wage increases if the Raise the Wage Act of 2023 were enacted into law.
| Congressional district | Total employed | Total affected | Share affected | Total annual wage change (2023$, millions) | Average annual wage increase of affected workers (2023$) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 146,831,000 | 27,858,000 | 19.0% | $86,352 | $3,100 |
| Alabama – 1 | 282,000 | 79,000 | 28.0% | $355 | $4,510 |
| Alabama – 2 | 268,000 | 80,000 | 29.8% | $350 | $4,376 |
| Alabama – 3 | 263,000 | 78,000 | 29.6% | $330 | $4,238 |
| Alabama – 4 | 273,000 | 77,000 | 28.1% | $315 | $4,113 |
| Alabama – 5 | 306,000 | 77,000 | 25.1% | $313 | $4,067 |
| Alabama – 6 | 307,000 | 68,000 | 22.2% | $283 | $4,155 |
| Alabama – 7 | 265,000 | 82,000 | 31.1% | $367 | $4,460 |
| Alaska | 330,000 | 53,000 | 16.1% | $100 | $1,876 |
| Arizona – 1 | 372,000 | 59,000 | 16.0% | $58 | $981 |
| Arizona – 2 | 284,000 | 49,000 | 17.5% | $48 | $971 |
| Arizona – 3 | 356,000 | 101,000 | 28.4% | $98 | $965 |
| Arizona – 4 | 385,000 | 81,000 | 21.1% | $76 | $939 |
| Arizona – 5 | 352,000 | 53,000 | 15.1% | $47 | $894 |
| Arizona – 6 | 307,000 | 64,000 | 20.8% | $60 | $943 |
| Arizona – 7 | 318,000 | 87,000 | 27.5% | $83 | $950 |
| Arizona – 8 | 329,000 | 62,000 | 18.8% | $59 | $948 |
| Arizona – 9 | 318,000 | 73,000 | 22.8% | $76 | $1,044 |
| Arkansas – 1 | 276,000 | 81,000 | 29.4% | $283 | $3,485 |
| Arkansas – 2 | 322,000 | 81,000 | 25.1% | $317 | $3,918 |
| Arkansas – 3 | 337,000 | 89,000 | 26.5% | $316 | $3,537 |
| Arkansas – 4 | 278,000 | 85,000 | 30.7% | $299 | $3,502 |
| California – 1 | 302,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 2 | 345,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 3 | 331,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 4 | 351,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 5 | 333,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 6 | 350,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 7 | 353,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 8 | 357,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 9 | 331,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 10 | 364,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 11 | 393,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 12 | 381,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 13 | 301,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 14 | 387,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 15 | 388,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 16 | 369,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 17 | 400,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 18 | 354,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 19 | 368,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 20 | 327,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 21 | 311,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 22 | 300,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 23 | 285,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 24 | 348,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 25 | 300,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 26 | 361,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 27 | 328,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 28 | 350,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 29 | 369,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 30 | 384,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 31 | 370,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 32 | 376,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 33 | 350,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 34 | 379,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 35 | 381,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 36 | 361,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 37 | 366,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 38 | 367,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 39 | 366,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 40 | 372,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 41 | 343,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 42 | 374,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 43 | 356,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 44 | 364,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 45 | 358,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 46 | 382,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 47 | 378,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 48 | 322,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 49 | 350,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 50 | 370,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 51 | 368,000 | * | * | * | * |
| California – 52 | 355,000 | * | * | * | * |
| Colorado – 1 | 376,000 | 51,000 | 13.7% | $58 | $1,124 |
| Colorado – 2 | 346,000 | 54,000 | 15.6% | $56 | $1,035 |
| Colorado – 3 | 300,000 | 54,000 | 17.9% | $55 | $1,016 |
| Colorado – 4 | 343,000 | 44,000 | 12.7% | $44 | $1,000 |
| Colorado – 5 | 299,000 | 46,000 | 15.4% | $45 | $974 |
| Colorado – 6 | 345,000 | 48,000 | 13.9% | $49 | $1,017 |
| Colorado – 7 | 332,000 | 41,000 | 12.4% | $41 | $1,001 |
| Colorado – 8 | 339,000 | 54,000 | 15.9% | $52 | $970 |
| Connecticut – 1 | 340,000 | 8,000 | 2.3% | * | * |
| Connecticut – 2 | 337,000 | 14,000 | 4.1% | * | * |
| Connecticut – 3 | 348,000 | 9,000 | 2.5% | * | * |
| Connecticut – 4 | 348,000 | 10,000 | 2.9% | * | * |
| Connecticut – 5 | 334,000 | 9,000 | 2.7% | * | * |
| Delaware | 427,000 | 104,000 | 24.4% | $251 | $2,412 |
| Florida – 1 | 293,000 | 75,000 | 25.6% | $99 | $1,327 |
| Florida – 2 | 307,000 | 82,000 | 26.7% | $100 | $1,218 |
| Florida – 3 | 279,000 | 77,000 | 27.5% | $92 | $1,202 |
| Florida – 4 | 312,000 | 79,000 | 25.2% | $95 | $1,212 |
| Florida – 5 | 340,000 | 66,000 | 19.4% | $83 | $1,264 |
| Florida – 6 | 277,000 | 76,000 | 27.4% | $91 | $1,192 |
| Florida – 7 | 329,000 | 69,000 | 21.1% | $84 | $1,205 |
| Florida – 8 | 295,000 | 70,000 | 23.7% | $84 | $1,197 |
| Florida – 9 | 350,000 | 108,000 | 30.8% | $131 | $1,218 |
| Florida – 10 | 342,000 | 101,000 | 29.4% | $123 | $1,219 |
| Florida – 11 | 286,000 | 76,000 | 26.5% | $92 | $1,209 |
| Florida – 12 | 273,000 | 66,000 | 24.3% | $76 | $1,143 |
| Florida – 13 | 310,000 | 70,000 | 22.6% | $87 | $1,246 |
| Florida – 14 | 356,000 | 82,000 | 22.9% | $101 | $1,236 |
| Florida – 15 | 337,000 | 83,000 | 24.6% | $100 | $1,208 |
| Florida – 16 | 315,000 | 75,000 | 23.9% | $93 | $1,240 |
| Florida – 17 | 285,000 | 77,000 | 27.0% | $94 | $1,224 |
| Florida – 18 | 283,000 | 92,000 | 32.5% | $111 | $1,212 |
| Florida – 19 | 293,000 | 77,000 | 26.3% | $98 | $1,267 |
| Florida – 20 | 322,000 | 92,000 | 28.6% | $116 | $1,258 |
| Florida – 21 | 309,000 | 82,000 | 26.5% | $101 | $1,231 |
| Florida – 22 | 317,000 | 89,000 | 28.1% | $112 | $1,257 |
| Florida – 23 | 345,000 | 80,000 | 23.2% | $100 | $1,247 |
| Florida – 24 | 329,000 | 104,000 | 31.5% | $133 | $1,285 |
| Florida – 25 | 362,000 | 77,000 | 21.2% | $96 | $1,254 |
| Florida – 26 | 354,000 | 111,000 | 31.2% | $138 | $1,247 |
| Florida – 27 | 369,000 | 94,000 | 25.4% | $115 | $1,228 |
| Florida – 28 | 355,000 | 95,000 | 26.7% | $117 | $1,238 |
| Georgia – 1 | 297,000 | 92,000 | 31.1% | $403 | $4,370 |
| Georgia – 2 | 276,000 | 88,000 | 32.0% | $372 | $4,204 |
| Georgia – 3 | 312,000 | 83,000 | 26.6% | $346 | $4,157 |
| Georgia – 4 | 351,000 | 90,000 | 25.7% | $373 | $4,138 |
| Georgia – 5 | 364,000 | 83,000 | 22.8% | $385 | $4,643 |
| Georgia – 6 | 370,000 | 64,000 | 17.3% | $296 | $4,641 |
| Georgia – 7 | 344,000 | 83,000 | 24.2% | $399 | $4,788 |
| Georgia – 8 | 275,000 | 89,000 | 32.6% | $372 | $4,156 |
| Georgia – 9 | 329,000 | 88,000 | 26.9% | $366 | $4,149 |
| Georgia – 10 | 326,000 | 90,000 | 27.7% | $371 | $4,106 |
| Georgia – 11 | 361,000 | 84,000 | 23.2% | $372 | $4,433 |
| Georgia – 12 | 289,000 | 91,000 | 31.5% | $361 | $3,965 |
| Georgia – 13 | 341,000 | 90,000 | 26.4% | $402 | $4,457 |
| Georgia – 14 | 318,000 | 85,000 | 26.6% | $313 | $3,699 |
| Hawaii – 1 | 354,000 | * | * | * | * |
| Hawaii – 2 | 330,000 | * | * | * | * |
| Idaho – 1 | 361,000 | 89,000 | 24.5% | $316 | $3,568 |
| Idaho – 2 | 360,000 | 99,000 | 27.5% | $345 | $3,475 |
| Illinois – 1 | 316,000 | 65,000 | 20.7% | $84 | $1,284 |
| Illinois – 2 | 311,000 | 71,000 | 22.9% | $98 | $1,380 |
| Illinois – 3 | 370,000 | 78,000 | 21.0% | $118 | $1,518 |
| Illinois – 4 | 341,000 | 83,000 | 24.2% | $116 | $1,404 |
| Illinois – 5 | 423,000 | 56,000 | 13.3% | $98 | $1,743 |
| Illinois – 6 | 358,000 | 57,000 | 15.9% | $81 | $1,426 |
| Illinois – 7 | 357,000 | 77,000 | 21.5% | $108 | $1,411 |
| Illinois – 8 | 381,000 | 71,000 | 18.6% | $97 | $1,369 |
| Illinois – 9 | 366,000 | 57,000 | 15.5% | $98 | $1,732 |
| Illinois – 10 | 355,000 | 67,000 | 18.8% | $96 | $1,444 |
| Illinois – 11 | 376,000 | 65,000 | 17.2% | $89 | $1,380 |
| Illinois – 12 | 312,000 | 67,000 | 21.5% | $90 | $1,342 |
| Illinois – 13 | 313,000 | 67,000 | 21.4% | $99 | $1,480 |
| Illinois – 14 | 368,000 | 84,000 | 22.9% | $115 | $1,361 |
| Illinois – 15 | 321,000 | 67,000 | 20.7% | $89 | $1,333 |
| Illinois – 16 | 336,000 | 69,000 | 20.6% | $93 | $1,342 |
| Illinois – 17 | 313,000 | 71,000 | 22.6% | $99 | $1,400 |
| Indiana – 1 | 317,000 | 80,000 | 25.4% | $285 | $3,536 |
| Indiana – 2 | 319,000 | 80,000 | 25.3% | $257 | $3,194 |
| Indiana – 3 | 329,000 | 79,000 | 23.9% | $272 | $3,450 |
| Indiana – 4 | 339,000 | 80,000 | 23.5% | $263 | $3,296 |
| Indiana – 5 | 336,000 | 73,000 | 21.9% | $278 | $3,784 |
| Indiana – 6 | 336,000 | 75,000 | 22.2% | $253 | $3,396 |
| Indiana – 7 | 350,000 | 93,000 | 26.6% | $343 | $3,679 |
| Indiana – 8 | 322,000 | 81,000 | 25.3% | $281 | $3,453 |
| Indiana – 9 | 327,000 | 79,000 | 24.1% | $297 | $3,755 |
| Iowa – 1 | 366,000 | 98,000 | 26.9% | $311 | $3,163 |
| Iowa – 2 | 365,000 | 99,000 | 27.3% | $333 | $3,347 |
| Iowa – 3 | 383,000 | 89,000 | 23.3% | $315 | $3,530 |
| Iowa – 4 | 365,000 | 100,000 | 27.5% | $303 | $3,019 |
| Kansas – 1 | 341,000 | 98,000 | 28.8% | $354 | $3,605 |
| Kansas – 2 | 310,000 | 84,000 | 27.0% | $279 | $3,327 |
| Kansas – 3 | 370,000 | 64,000 | 17.3% | $250 | $3,916 |
| Kansas – 4 | 321,000 | 81,000 | 25.3% | $301 | $3,702 |
| Kentucky – 1 | 282,000 | 81,000 | 28.6% | $327 | $4,044 |
| Kentucky – 2 | 308,000 | 84,000 | 27.1% | $341 | $4,077 |
| Kentucky – 3 | 342,000 | 84,000 | 24.5% | $379 | $4,523 |
| Kentucky – 4 | 331,000 | 75,000 | 22.7% | $298 | $3,959 |
| Kentucky – 5 | 228,000 | 67,000 | 29.5% | $267 | $3,975 |
| Kentucky – 6 | 334,000 | 93,000 | 27.7% | $397 | $4,285 |
| Louisiana – 1 | 343,000 | 97,000 | 28.3% | $500 | $5,155 |
| Louisiana – 2 | 309,000 | 101,000 | 32.7% | $554 | $5,480 |
| Louisiana – 3 | 328,000 | 105,000 | 32.2% | $554 | $5,253 |
| Louisiana – 4 | 279,000 | 101,000 | 36.1% | $508 | $5,042 |
| Louisiana – 5 | 286,000 | 101,000 | 35.5% | $504 | $4,966 |
| Louisiana – 6 | 355,000 | 105,000 | 29.5% | $540 | $5,145 |
| Maine – 1 | 315,000 | 50,000 | 15.8% | $70 | $1,411 |
| Maine – 2 | 285,000 | 56,000 | 19.8% | $66 | $1,173 |
| Maryland – 1 | 352,000 | 63,000 | 17.8% | $163 | $2,603 |
| Maryland – 2 | 371,000 | 58,000 | 15.5% | $143 | $2,485 |
| Maryland – 3 | 372,000 | 46,000 | 12.3% | $129 | $2,805 |
| Maryland – 4 | 370,000 | 52,000 | 13.9% | $122 | $2,374 |
| Maryland – 5 | 378,000 | 44,000 | 11.6% | $128 | $2,914 |
| Maryland – 6 | 365,000 | 44,000 | 12.1% | $127 | $2,873 |
| Maryland – 7 | 335,000 | 65,000 | 19.5% | $140 | $2,149 |
| Maryland – 8 | 387,000 | 16,000 | 4.2% | $102 | $6,214 |
| Massachusetts – 1 | 336,000 | 55,000 | 16.4% | $90 | $1,631 |
| Massachusetts – 2 | 373,000 | 53,000 | 14.3% | $92 | $1,730 |
| Massachusetts – 3 | 369,000 | 60,000 | 16.3% | $108 | $1,799 |
| Massachusetts – 4 | 371,000 | 40,000 | 10.7% | $67 | $1,690 |
| Massachusetts – 5 | 395,000 | 44,000 | 11.1% | $84 | $1,914 |
| Massachusetts – 6 | 386,000 | 49,000 | 12.6% | $99 | $2,027 |
| Massachusetts – 7 | 399,000 | 61,000 | 15.2% | $116 | $1,900 |
| Massachusetts – 8 | 402,000 | 55,000 | 13.6% | $114 | $2,095 |
| Massachusetts – 9 | 366,000 | 54,000 | 14.8% | $104 | $1,927 |
| Michigan – 1 | 305,000 | 74,000 | 24.1% | $236 | $3,212 |
| Michigan – 2 | 308,000 | 74,000 | 24.1% | $233 | $3,134 |
| Michigan – 3 | 364,000 | 83,000 | 22.8% | $265 | $3,188 |
| Michigan – 4 | 344,000 | 77,000 | 22.4% | $253 | $3,276 |
| Michigan – 5 | 321,000 | 67,000 | 20.9% | $208 | $3,105 |
| Michigan – 6 | 363,000 | 65,000 | 17.9% | $221 | $3,412 |
| Michigan – 7 | 348,000 | 71,000 | 20.5% | $235 | $3,304 |
| Michigan – 8 | 307,000 | 75,000 | 24.5% | $251 | $3,336 |
| Michigan – 9 | 338,000 | 65,000 | 19.1% | $217 | $3,362 |
| Michigan – 10 | 351,000 | 69,000 | 19.8% | $236 | $3,405 |
| Michigan – 11 | 377,000 | 63,000 | 16.8% | $237 | $3,745 |
| Michigan – 12 | 298,000 | 73,000 | 24.4% | $237 | $3,257 |
| Michigan – 13 | 286,000 | 79,000 | 27.8% | $271 | $3,406 |
| Minnesota – 1 | 338,000 | 60,000 | 17.6% | $111 | $1,867 |
| Minnesota – 2 | 360,000 | 45,000 | 12.5% | $71 | $1,565 |
| Minnesota – 3 | 346,000 | 31,000 | 9.1% | $25 | $782 |
| Minnesota – 4 | 337,000 | 49,000 | 14.6% | $55 | $1,113 |
| Minnesota – 5 | 365,000 | 51,000 | 13.9% | $38 | $752 |
| Minnesota – 6 | 350,000 | 46,000 | 13.2% | $72 | $1,552 |
| Minnesota – 7 | 316,000 | 53,000 | 16.8% | $102 | $1,910 |
| Minnesota – 8 | 303,000 | 52,000 | 17.3% | $94 | $1,808 |
| Mississippi – 1 | 311,000 | 106,000 | 34.0% | $485 | $4,595 |
| Mississippi – 2 | 256,000 | 100,000 | 39.1% | $478 | $4,783 |
| Mississippi – 3 | 303,000 | 104,000 | 34.5% | $485 | $4,650 |
| Mississippi – 4 | 293,000 | 104,000 | 35.7% | $550 | $5,261 |
| Missouri – 1 | 348,000 | 89,000 | 25.5% | $219 | $2,467 |
| Missouri – 2 | 353,000 | 57,000 | 16.3% | $137 | $2,397 |
| Missouri – 3 | 356,000 | 78,000 | 21.8% | $186 | $2,391 |
| Missouri – 4 | 316,000 | 81,000 | 25.6% | $195 | $2,408 |
| Missouri – 5 | 360,000 | 86,000 | 23.9% | $224 | $2,605 |
| Missouri – 6 | 324,000 | 76,000 | 23.4% | $173 | $2,280 |
| Missouri – 7 | 331,000 | 95,000 | 28.6% | $230 | $2,421 |
| Missouri – 8 | 306,000 | 84,000 | 27.6% | $188 | $2,233 |
| Montana – 1 | 232,000 | 60,000 | 25.7% | $150 | $2,505 |
| Montana – 2 | 220,000 | 53,000 | 24.2% | $134 | $2,525 |
| Nebraska – 1 | 319,000 | 67,000 | 20.9% | $142 | $2,118 |
| Nebraska – 2 | 312,000 | 61,000 | 19.6% | $156 | $2,540 |
| Nebraska – 3 | 291,000 | 65,000 | 22.5% | $131 | $2,001 |
| Nevada – 1 | 327,000 | 99,000 | 30.3% | $224 | $2,264 |
| Nevada – 2 | 357,000 | 83,000 | 23.2% | $182 | $2,202 |
| Nevada – 3 | 373,000 | 104,000 | 28.0% | $242 | $2,322 |
| Nevada – 4 | 321,000 | 94,000 | 29.3% | $218 | $2,322 |
| New Hampshire – 1 | 344,000 | 66,000 | 19.1% | $226 | $3,434 |
| New Hampshire – 2 | 324,000 | 59,000 | 18.1% | $183 | $3,127 |
| New Jersey – 1 | 343,000 | 63,000 | 18.3% | $135 | $2,149 |
| New Jersey – 2 | 325,000 | 74,000 | 22.7% | $173 | $2,334 |
| New Jersey – 3 | 354,000 | 52,000 | 14.6% | $103 | $1,995 |
| New Jersey – 4 | 315,000 | 54,000 | 17.3% | $105 | $1,926 |
| New Jersey – 5 | 367,000 | 46,000 | 12.7% | $85 | $1,833 |
| New Jersey – 6 | 369,000 | 62,000 | 16.9% | $119 | $1,912 |
| New Jersey – 7 | 368,000 | 51,000 | 13.9% | $104 | $2,027 |
| New Jersey – 8 | 381,000 | 90,000 | 23.6% | $150 | $1,660 |
| New Jersey – 9 | 360,000 | 76,000 | 21.2% | $127 | $1,665 |
| New Jersey – 10 | 330,000 | 71,000 | 21.6% | $113 | $1,586 |
| New Jersey – 11 | 357,000 | 49,000 | 13.7% | $87 | $1,773 |
| New Jersey – 12 | 363,000 | 56,000 | 15.6% | $92 | $1,637 |
| New Mexico – 1 | 331,000 | 81,000 | 24.6% | $267 | $3,279 |
| New Mexico – 2 | 285,000 | 90,000 | 31.7% | $277 | $3,067 |
| New Mexico – 3 | 274,000 | 75,000 | 27.3% | $210 | $2,803 |
| New York – 1 | 375,000 | 50,000 | 13.2% | $55 | $1,109 |
| New York – 2 | 399,000 | 69,000 | 17.4% | $76 | $1,090 |
| New York – 3 | 368,000 | 49,000 | 13.3% | $59 | $1,203 |
| New York – 4 | 383,000 | 58,000 | 15.2% | $65 | $1,109 |
| New York – 5 | 353,000 | 67,000 | 19.1% | $73 | $1,086 |
| New York – 6 | 345,000 | 70,000 | 20.4% | $120 | $1,700 |
| New York – 7 | 374,000 | 67,000 | 18.0% | $93 | $1,383 |
| New York – 8 | 314,000 | 63,000 | 20.0% | $69 | $1,092 |
| New York – 9 | 338,000 | 64,000 | 19.1% | $70 | $1,093 |
| New York – 10 | 358,000 | 54,000 | 15.2% | $79 | $1,450 |
| New York – 11 | 326,000 | 52,000 | 15.9% | $65 | $1,245 |
| New York – 12 | 379,000 | 19,000 | 5.1% | $27 | $1,409 |
| New York – 13 | 341,000 | 87,000 | 25.6% | $109 | $1,245 |
| New York – 14 | 314,000 | 80,000 | 25.5% | $116 | $1,447 |
| New York – 15 | 298,000 | 95,000 | 32.0% | $108 | $1,130 |
| New York – 16 | 367,000 | 60,000 | 16.2% | $77 | $1,289 |
| New York – 17 | 346,000 | 52,000 | 14.9% | $58 | $1,130 |
| New York – 18 | 355,000 | 60,000 | 16.9% | $76 | $1,270 |
| New York – 19 | 341,000 | 64,000 | 18.7% | $65 | $1,011 |
| New York – 20 | 362,000 | 56,000 | 15.4% | $59 | $1,053 |
| New York – 21 | 323,000 | 57,000 | 17.8% | $61 | $1,055 |
| New York – 22 | 332,000 | 58,000 | 17.4% | $64 | $1,113 |
| New York – 23 | 326,000 | 56,000 | 17.1% | $59 | $1,052 |
| New York – 24 | 332,000 | 60,000 | 18.1% | $58 | $968 |
| New York – 25 | 362,000 | 62,000 | 17.2% | $64 | $1,022 |
| New York – 26 | 342,000 | 64,000 | 18.7% | $66 | $1,039 |
| North Carolina – 1 | 292,000 | 103,000 | 35.1% | $419 | $4,082 |
| North Carolina – 2 | 370,000 | 74,000 | 20.0% | $328 | $4,427 |
| North Carolina – 3 | 274,000 | 100,000 | 36.5% | $429 | $4,284 |
| North Carolina – 4 | 334,000 | 94,000 | 28.1% | $396 | $4,226 |
| North Carolina – 5 | 297,000 | 92,000 | 31.0% | $369 | $4,003 |
| North Carolina – 6 | 328,000 | 99,000 | 30.1% | $437 | $4,433 |
| North Carolina – 7 | 301,000 | 97,000 | 32.1% | $417 | $4,311 |
| North Carolina – 8 | 310,000 | 86,000 | 27.8% | $354 | $4,106 |
| North Carolina – 9 | 274,000 | 90,000 | 32.9% | $378 | $4,198 |
| North Carolina – 10 | 311,000 | 91,000 | 29.3% | $352 | $3,854 |
| North Carolina – 11 | 297,000 | 90,000 | 30.1% | $401 | $4,479 |
| North Carolina – 12 | 355,000 | 98,000 | 27.5% | $421 | $4,312 |
| North Carolina – 13 | 337,000 | 85,000 | 25.2% | $372 | $4,371 |
| North Carolina – 14 | 380,000 | 91,000 | 24.0% | $393 | $4,312 |
| North Dakota | 367,000 | 66,000 | 18.0% | $224 | $3,404 |
| Ohio – 1 | 361,000 | 79,000 | 21.9% | $256 | $3,226 |
| Ohio – 2 | 305,000 | 73,000 | 24.0% | $211 | $2,896 |
| Ohio – 3 | 389,000 | 95,000 | 24.5% | $282 | $2,962 |
| Ohio – 4 | 344,000 | 80,000 | 23.3% | $222 | $2,774 |
| Ohio – 5 | 348,000 | 88,000 | 25.4% | $249 | $2,820 |
| Ohio – 6 | 319,000 | 88,000 | 27.4% | $258 | $2,949 |
| Ohio – 7 | 363,000 | 75,000 | 20.5% | $218 | $2,925 |
| Ohio – 8 | 351,000 | 80,000 | 22.8% | $243 | $3,030 |
| Ohio – 9 | 340,000 | 87,000 | 25.6% | $271 | $3,113 |
| Ohio – 10 | 342,000 | 89,000 | 26.1% | $270 | $3,030 |
| Ohio – 11 | 339,000 | 98,000 | 29.0% | $314 | $3,197 |
| Ohio – 12 | 337,000 | 86,000 | 25.4% | $244 | $2,840 |
| Ohio – 13 | 348,000 | 90,000 | 25.8% | $277 | $3,082 |
| Ohio – 14 | 343,000 | 83,000 | 24.2% | $251 | $3,022 |
| Ohio – 15 | 362,000 | 80,000 | 22.1% | $240 | $2,998 |
| Oklahoma – 1 | 352,000 | 104,000 | 29.6% | $443 | $4,251 |
| Oklahoma – 2 | 301,000 | 106,000 | 35.1% | $430 | $4,070 |
| Oklahoma – 3 | 320,000 | 114,000 | 35.5% | $488 | $4,290 |
| Oklahoma – 4 | 329,000 | 104,000 | 31.7% | $440 | $4,212 |
| Oklahoma – 5 | 363,000 | 108,000 | 29.7% | $478 | $4,428 |
| Oregon – 1 | 329,000 | 7,000 | 2.1% | * | * |
| Oregon – 2 | 263,000 | 40,000 | 15.3% | $26 | $650 |
| Oregon – 3 | 338,000 | 3,000 | 0.9% | * | * |
| Oregon – 4 | 280,000 | 41,000 | 14.7% | $25 | $600 |
| Oregon – 5 | 308,000 | 19,000 | 6.3% | $12 | $605 |
| Oregon – 6 | 310,000 | 30,000 | 9.7% | $19 | $629 |
| Pennsylvania – 1 | 367,000 | 60,000 | 16.5% | $249 | $4,123 |
| Pennsylvania – 2 | 315,000 | 85,000 | 27.1% | $386 | $4,530 |
| Pennsylvania – 3 | 348,000 | 88,000 | 25.3% | $368 | $4,168 |
| Pennsylvania – 4 | 367,000 | 58,000 | 15.8% | $245 | $4,221 |
| Pennsylvania – 5 | 347,000 | 66,000 | 19.1% | $276 | $4,164 |
| Pennsylvania – 6 | 367,000 | 72,000 | 19.7% | $312 | $4,326 |
| Pennsylvania – 7 | 352,000 | 77,000 | 22.0% | $306 | $3,957 |
| Pennsylvania – 8 | 322,000 | 75,000 | 23.4% | $279 | $3,712 |
| Pennsylvania – 9 | 317,000 | 70,000 | 21.9% | $250 | $3,597 |
| Pennsylvania – 10 | 348,000 | 75,000 | 21.5% | $295 | $3,943 |
| Pennsylvania – 11 | 363,000 | 82,000 | 22.5% | $297 | $3,645 |
| Pennsylvania – 12 | 348,000 | 72,000 | 20.7% | $295 | $4,104 |
| Pennsylvania – 13 | 316,000 | 73,000 | 23.1% | $268 | $3,689 |
| Pennsylvania – 14 | 316,000 | 70,000 | 22.1% | $266 | $3,823 |
| Pennsylvania – 15 | 305,000 | 75,000 | 24.4% | $264 | $3,547 |
| Pennsylvania – 16 | 314,000 | 73,000 | 23.3% | $284 | $3,880 |
| Pennsylvania – 17 | 354,000 | 62,000 | 17.5% | $249 | $4,038 |
| Rhode Island – 1 | 247,000 | 43,000 | 17.5% | $95 | $2,200 |
| Rhode Island – 2 | 255,000 | 41,000 | 16.0% | $95 | $2,317 |
| South Carolina – 1 | 310,000 | 77,000 | 24.9% | $356 | $4,606 |
| South Carolina – 2 | 317,000 | 82,000 | 25.8% | $345 | $4,225 |
| South Carolina – 3 | 290,000 | 79,000 | 27.4% | $316 | $3,983 |
| South Carolina – 4 | 332,000 | 87,000 | 26.1% | $373 | $4,303 |
| South Carolina – 5 | 302,000 | 81,000 | 26.9% | $332 | $4,086 |
| South Carolina – 6 | 300,000 | 87,000 | 29.1% | $378 | $4,321 |
| South Carolina – 7 | 274,000 | 90,000 | 33.0% | $417 | $4,609 |
| South Dakota | 401,000 | 96,000 | 23.8% | $250 | $2,619 |
| Tennessee – 1 | 290,000 | 90,000 | 31.0% | $385 | $4,282 |
| Tennessee – 2 | 333,000 | 88,000 | 26.3% | $384 | $4,384 |
| Tennessee – 3 | 315,000 | 85,000 | 27.0% | $361 | $4,233 |
| Tennessee – 4 | 331,000 | 91,000 | 27.6% | $389 | $4,267 |
| Tennessee – 5 | 357,000 | 79,000 | 22.1% | $347 | $4,397 |
| Tennessee – 6 | 332,000 | 89,000 | 26.7% | $371 | $4,174 |
| Tennessee – 7 | 333,000 | 84,000 | 25.3% | $367 | $4,354 |
| Tennessee – 8 | 303,000 | 80,000 | 26.6% | $329 | $4,083 |
| Tennessee – 9 | 321,000 | 99,000 | 30.9% | $422 | $4,254 |
| Texas – 1 | 302,000 | 88,000 | 29.0% | $371 | $4,240 |
| Texas – 2 | 331,000 | 67,000 | 20.3% | $325 | $4,840 |
| Texas – 3 | 361,000 | 62,000 | 17.2% | $290 | $4,672 |
| Texas – 4 | 359,000 | 73,000 | 20.4% | $327 | $4,476 |
| Texas – 5 | 338,000 | 90,000 | 26.7% | $406 | $4,497 |
| Texas – 6 | 336,000 | 91,000 | 27.0% | $399 | $4,388 |
| Texas – 7 | 401,000 | 101,000 | 25.2% | $496 | $4,897 |
| Texas – 8 | 346,000 | 79,000 | 22.7% | $376 | $4,778 |
| Texas – 9 | 340,000 | 100,000 | 29.5% | $459 | $4,574 |
| Texas – 10 | 335,000 | 87,000 | 26.0% | $394 | $4,519 |
| Texas – 11 | 321,000 | 89,000 | 27.9% | $416 | $4,651 |
| Texas – 12 | 356,000 | 82,000 | 22.9% | $370 | $4,536 |
| Texas – 13 | 340,000 | 101,000 | 29.8% | $463 | $4,577 |
| Texas – 14 | 312,000 | 76,000 | 24.2% | $362 | $4,785 |
| Texas – 15 | 310,000 | 114,000 | 36.9% | $545 | $4,770 |
| Texas – 16 | 330,000 | 116,000 | 35.2% | $511 | $4,398 |
| Texas – 17 | 323,000 | 92,000 | 28.4% | $395 | $4,304 |
| Texas – 18 | 336,000 | 102,000 | 30.4% | $470 | $4,593 |
| Texas – 19 | 331,000 | 106,000 | 32.1% | $485 | $4,572 |
| Texas – 20 | 363,000 | 121,000 | 33.2% | $583 | $4,831 |
| Texas – 21 | 356,000 | 90,000 | 25.3% | $440 | $4,889 |
| Texas – 22 | 353,000 | 71,000 | 20.0% | $314 | $4,448 |
| Texas – 23 | 329,000 | 97,000 | 29.5% | $441 | $4,532 |
| Texas – 24 | 361,000 | 73,000 | 20.3% | $344 | $4,694 |
| Texas – 25 | 347,000 | 86,000 | 24.8% | $389 | $4,522 |
| Texas – 26 | 395,000 | 78,000 | 19.7% | $371 | $4,773 |
| Texas – 27 | 331,000 | 96,000 | 29.1% | $439 | $4,567 |
| Texas – 28 | 320,000 | 113,000 | 35.2% | $499 | $4,426 |
| Texas – 29 | 318,000 | 113,000 | 35.5% | $498 | $4,411 |
| Texas – 30 | 358,000 | 102,000 | 28.4% | $449 | $4,405 |
| Texas – 31 | 340,000 | 77,000 | 22.7% | $349 | $4,515 |
| Texas – 32 | 375,000 | 98,000 | 26.1% | $449 | $4,582 |
| Texas – 33 | 363,000 | 113,000 | 31.0% | $486 | $4,316 |
| Texas – 34 | 296,000 | 126,000 | 42.6% | $564 | $4,474 |
| Texas – 35 | 372,000 | 114,000 | 30.5% | $556 | $4,901 |
| Texas – 36 | 310,000 | 81,000 | 26.2% | $397 | $4,883 |
| Texas – 37 | 426,000 | 78,000 | 18.4% | $378 | $4,830 |
| Texas – 38 | 364,000 | 78,000 | 21.4% | $381 | $4,893 |
| Utah – 1 | 354,000 | 75,000 | 21.1% | $235 | $3,139 |
| Utah – 2 | 346,000 | 79,000 | 22.9% | $246 | $3,098 |
| Utah – 3 | 341,000 | 85,000 | 24.8% | $254 | $3,006 |
| Utah – 4 | 343,000 | 71,000 | 20.6% | $205 | $2,902 |
| Vermont | 292,000 | 46,000 | 15.7% | $74 | $1,606 |
| Virginia – 1 | 356,000 | 67,000 | 18.7% | $173 | $2,593 |
| Virginia – 2 | 348,000 | 71,000 | 20.5% | $207 | $2,914 |
| Virginia – 3 | 331,000 | 85,000 | 25.8% | $219 | $2,569 |
| Virginia – 4 | 350,000 | 84,000 | 24.1% | $208 | $2,466 |
| Virginia – 5 | 332,000 | 79,000 | 23.6% | $183 | $2,329 |
| Virginia – 6 | 344,000 | 82,000 | 24.0% | $220 | $2,669 |
| Virginia – 7 | 374,000 | 73,000 | 19.5% | $196 | $2,698 |
| Virginia – 8 | 407,000 | 51,000 | 12.5% | $162 | $3,204 |
| Virginia – 9 | 291,000 | 68,000 | 23.5% | $154 | $2,253 |
| Virginia – 10 | 399,000 | 62,000 | 15.6% | $176 | $2,823 |
| Virginia – 11 | 394,000 | 54,000 | 13.7% | $162 | $3,012 |
| Washington – 1 | 357,000 | * | * | * | * |
| Washington – 2 | 328,000 | * | * | * | * |
| Washington – 3 | 316,000 | * | * | * | * |
| Washington – 4 | 316,000 | * | * | * | * |
| Washington – 5 | 312,000 | * | * | * | * |
| Washington – 6 | 303,000 | * | * | * | * |
| Washington – 7 | 422,000 | * | * | * | * |
| Washington – 8 | 344,000 | * | * | * | * |
| Washington – 9 | 350,000 | * | * | * | * |
| Washington – 10 | 319,000 | * | * | * | * |
| West Virginia – 1 | 309,000 | 84,000 | 27.2% | $317 | $3,774 |
| West Virginia – 2 | 375,000 | 98,000 | 26.0% | $363 | $3,715 |
| Wisconsin – 1 | 338,000 | 80,000 | 23.7% | $270 | $3,374 |
| Wisconsin – 2 | 374,000 | 70,000 | 18.7% | $240 | $3,422 |
| Wisconsin – 3 | 335,000 | 75,000 | 22.5% | $268 | $3,548 |
| Wisconsin – 4 | 328,000 | 91,000 | 27.9% | $348 | $3,808 |
| Wisconsin – 5 | 362,000 | 62,000 | 17.1% | $221 | $3,565 |
| Wisconsin – 6 | 344,000 | 70,000 | 20.3% | $234 | $3,357 |
| Wisconsin – 7 | 330,000 | 73,000 | 22.0% | $233 | $3,208 |
| Wisconsin – 8 | 344,000 | 73,000 | 21.1% | $250 | $3,438 |
| Wyoming | 260,000 | 65,000 | 24.9% | $278 | $4,288 |
Notes: Affected workers are workers who would receive wage increases because they are directly affected (otherwise earning less than $15 per hour in 2025) or indirectly affected (earning just slightly above $17 in 2028). Asterisks ( * ) denote districts either where sufficient data are not available or where few, if any, workers are likely to be affected by a change in the federal minimum wage because the prevailing state or local minimum wage will already be $17 or higher by 2028. For data on the at-large congressional district for the District of Columbia, see Table 2 in The Impact of the Raise the Wage Act of 2023, which provides data on impacts in every state and D.C. The values reflect the result of the proposed change in the federal minimum wage and wage changes resulting from scheduled state and local minimum wage laws are accounted for in the simulation. Totals may not sum due to rounding. See the methodology at https://www.epi.org/publication/minimum-wage-simulation-model-technical-methodology/ for details.
Source: Economic Policy Institute Minimum Wage Simulation Model using data from the Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Congressional Budget Office. For national and state-level estimates, see Ben Zipperer, The Impact of the Raise the Wage Act of 2023 , July 25, 2023.